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Johannesburg, Cape Town, Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Accra, Cotonou, Port Novo,
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Muslims of Burundi and Muslims in Burundi <> Islam in Cameroon
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Islam in Cape Verde Muslims or Capean Muslims | Muslims of Cape Verde and
Muslims in Cape Verde <> Islam in Central Africa Muslims or Central
African Muslims | Muslims of Central Africa and Muslims in Central Africa <>
Islam in Chad Muslims or Chadian Muslims | Muslims of Chad And Muslims in Chad <>
Islam in Comoros Muslims or Comorian Muslims | Muslims of Comoros and Muslims in
Comoros <> Islam in Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) Muslims or Congolese
(DRC Kinshasa) Muslims | Muslims of Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) and Muslims in
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in Ethiopia Muslims or Ethiopian Muslims | Muslims of Ethiopia and Muslims in
Ethiopia <> Islam in Gabon Muslims or Gabonese Muslims | Muslims of
Gabon and Muslims in Gabon <> Islam in Gambia Muslims or Gambian
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Islam in Guinea (Conakry) Muslims or Guinean (Conakry) Muslims | Muslims of
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Bissau Muslims or Bissauan Muslim or Bissawean Muslims | Muslims of Guinea and
Muslims In Guinea <> Islam in Ivory Coast Muslims or Ivorian Muslims
| Muslims of Ivory Coast and Muslims in Ivory Coast <> Islam in Kenya
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Islam in Lesotho Muslims or Lesothian Muslims | Muslims of Lesotho and Muslims
in Lesotho <> Islam in Liberia Muslims or Liberian Muslims | Muslims
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Madagascan Muslims | Muslims of Madagascar and Muslims in Madagascar <>
Islam in Malawi Muslims or Malawian Muslims | Muslims of Malawi and Muslims In
Malawi <> Islam in Mali Muslims or Malian Muslims | Muslims of Mali
and Muslims In Mali <> Islam in Mauritania Muslims or Mauritanian
Muslims | Muslims of Mauritania and Muslims In Mauritania <> Islam in
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Islam in Sao Tome Muslims or Sao Tomese Muslims | Muslims of Sao Tome and
Muslims in Sao Tome <> Islam in Senegal Muslims or Senegalese Muslims
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Islam in Sierra Leone Muslims or Sierra Leonean Muslims | Muslims of Sierra
Leone and Muslims in Sierra Leone <> Islam in Somalia Muslims or
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<> Islam in Sudan Muslims or Sudanese Muslims | Muslims of Sudan and
Muslims in Sudan <> <> Islam in Swaziland Muslims or Swazi
Muslims | Muslims of Swaziland and Muslims in Swaziland <> Islam in
Tanzania Muslims or Tanzanian Muslims | Muslims of Tanzania and Muslims in
Tanzania <> Islam in Togo Muslims or Togolese Muslims | Muslims of
Togo and Muslims in Togo <> Islam in Uganda Muslims or Ugandan
Muslims | Muslims of Uganda and Muslims in Uganda <> Islam in Zambia
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importance to Muslims unfolding Muslim perspectives and Da'wah:: The Muslim
World :: African Muslims :: African American Muslims :: Caribbean Muslims ::
European Muslim :: African Muslim Portal
AwqafAfrica is in association with www.esinislam.com, www.islamafrica.com, and www.islamicafrica.com <<>> African Muslim Directories <<>> If you reside in the UK, the US, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, or Australia and require FREE Islamic ritual services including Marriage, Newborn Baby Ceremonies, Funerals, etc. send your requests to: ritualservices@esinislam.com <<>>> Free Muslim visits in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Accra, Cotonou, Port Novo, Freetown, Abidjan, Dakar, Khartoum, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Harare, or Kinshasa visits@esinislam.com <<>> FREE Translations English-Arabic-English and French-Arabic-French are available for mosques, Islamic centres, and Muslim organizations based in Africa or serving the Africans abroad: translator@esinislam.com <<>> Free Islamic And Arabic Studies For The African Muslims And African American Muslims <<>> Islam In Africa <> Islam In America <> Islam In Europe <> Islam In Asia <<>> Join us celebrating Islam in Africa Muslims or African Muslims | Muslims of Africa and Muslims in Africa Islam in Angola Muslims or Angolan Muslims | Muslims of Angola and Muslims in Angola <>Islam in Benin Muslims or Dahome Muslims | Muslims of Benin and Muslims in Benin <> Islam in Botswana Muslims or Boswanan Muslims | Muslims of Botswana and Muslims in Botswana <> Islam in Burkina Faso Muslims or Burkinan Muslims | Muslims of Burkinafaso and Muslims in Burkinafaso <> Islam in Burundi Muslims or Burundian Muslims | Muslims of Burundi and Muslims in Burundi <> Islam in Cameroon Muslims or Cameroonian Muslims | Muslims of Cameroon and Muslims in Cameroon <> Islam in Cape Verde Muslims or Capean Muslims | Muslims of Cape Verde and Muslims in Cape Verde <> Islam in Central Africa Muslims or Central African Muslims | Muslims of Central Africa and Muslims in Central Africa <> Islam in Chad Muslims or Chadian Muslims | Muslims of Chad And Muslims in Chad <> Islam in Comoros Muslims or Comorian Muslims | Muslims of Comoros and Muslims in Comoros <> Islam in Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) Muslims or Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) Muslims | Muslims of Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) and Muslims in Congolese (DRC Kinshasa) <> Islam in Congo (Brazzaville) Muslims or Congolese (Brazzaville) Muslims | Muslims of Congo (Brazzaville) and Muslims in Congo (Brazzaville) <> Islam in Djibouti Muslims or Djiboutian Muslims | Muslims of Djibouti and Muslims in Djibouti <> Islam in Equatorial Guinea Muslims or Equatorial Guinean Muslims | Muslims of Equatoria Guinea And Muslims in Equatoria Guinea <> Islam in Eritrea Muslims or Eritrean Muslims | Muslims of Eritrea and Muslims in Eritrea <> Islam in Ethiopia Muslims or Ethiopian Muslims | Muslims of Ethiopia and Muslims in Ethiopia <> Islam in Gabon Muslims or Gabonese Muslims | Muslims of Gabon and Muslims in Gabon <> Islam in Gambia Muslims or Gambian Muslims | Muslims of Gabia and Muslims in Gambia <> Islam in Ghana Muslims or Ghanaian Muslims | Muslims of Ghana and Muslims in Ghana <> Islam in Guinea (Conakry) Muslims or Guinean (Conakry) Muslims | Muslims of Guinea (Conakry) and Muslims in Guinea (Conakry) <> Islam in Guinea Bissau Muslims or Bissauan Muslim or Bissawean Muslims | Muslims of Guinea and Muslims In Guinea <> Islam in Ivory Coast Muslims or Ivorian Muslims | Muslims of Ivory Coast and Muslims in Ivory Coast <> Islam in Kenya Muslims or Kenyan Muslims | Muslims of Kenya and Muslims in Kenya <> Islam in Lesotho Muslims or Lesothian Muslims | Muslims of Lesotho and Muslims in Lesotho <> Islam in Liberia Muslims or Liberian Muslims | Muslims of Liberia and Muslims in Liberia <> Islam in Madagascar Muslims or Madagascan Muslims | Muslims of Madagascar and Muslims in Madagascar <> Islam in Malawi Muslims or Malawian Muslims | Muslims of Malawi and Muslims In Malawi <> Islam in Mali Muslims or Malian Muslims | Muslims of Mali and Muslims In Mali <> Islam in Mauritania Muslims or Mauritanian Muslims | Muslims of Mauritania and Muslims In Mauritania <> Islam in Mauritius Muslims or Mauritian Muslims | Muslims of Mauritius and Muslims In Mauritius <> Islam in Mozambique Muslims or Mozambican Muslims | Muslims of Mozambique and Muslims in Mozambique <> Islam in Namibia Muslims or Namibian Muslims | Muslims of Namibia and Muslims in Namibia <> Islam in Niger Muslims or Nigerean Muslims | Muslims of Niger And Muslims in Niger <> Islam in Nigeria Muslims or Nigerian Muslims | Muslims of Nigeria and Muslims in Nigeria <> Islam in Rwanda Muslims or Rwandan Muslims or Rwandese Muslims | Muslims of Rwanda and Muslims in Rwanda <> Islam in Sao Tome Muslims or Sao Tomese Muslims | Muslims of Sao Tome and Muslims in Sao Tome <> Islam in Senegal Muslims or Senegalese Muslims | Muslims of Senegal and Muslims in Senegal <> Islam in Seychelles Muslims or Seychellois Muslims | Muslims of Seychelles And Muslims in Seychelles <> Islam in Sierra Leone Muslims or Sierra Leonean Muslims | Muslims of Sierra Leone and Muslims in Sierra Leone <> Islam in Somalia Muslims or Somali Muslims | Muslims of Somalia and Muslims in Somalia Islam in South Africa Muslims or South African Muslims or Southern African Muslims | Muslims of South African Or Muslims Of Southern Africa Or Muslims in Southern Africa <> <> Islam in Sudan Muslims or Sudanese Muslims | Muslims of Sudan and Muslims in Sudan <> <> Islam in Swaziland Muslims or Swazi Muslims | Muslims of Swaziland and Muslims in Swaziland <> Islam in Tanzania Muslims or Tanzanian Muslims | Muslims of Tanzania and Muslims in Tanzania <> Islam in Togo Muslims or Togolese Muslims | Muslims of Togo and Muslims in Togo <> Islam in Uganda Muslims or Ugandan Muslims | Muslims of Uganda and Muslims in Uganda <> Islam in Zambia Muslims or Zambian Muslims | Muslims of Zambia and Muslims in Zambia <> Islam in Zimbabwe Muslims or Zimbabwean Muslims | Muslims of Zimbabwe and Muslims in Zimbabwe <> Islam in African Muslims || African Mosques || African Muslim Organizations || African Muslim Colleges || African Muslim Businesses www.esinislam.com <<>> ALL SERVICES ARE FREE :::::: AwqafAfrica is in association with www.esinislam.com, www.islamafrica.com, and www.islamicafrica.com <<>> African Muslim Directories <<>> If you reside in the UK, the US, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, or Australia and require FREE Islamic ritual services including Marriage, Newborn Baby Ceremonies, Funerals, etc. send your requests to: ritualservices@esinislam.com <<& :: Articles And Writers :: Palestinian News ::: Muslim World News ::: Middle East News ::: International News ::: Saudi Arabian News ::: Afghanistan News ::: Internet Newspapers ::: Do Something Wonderful! :: :: Regional African News ::: Al-Maghreb News ::: Nigerian News ::: Sudanese New ::: Somali News ::: Egyptian News ::: South African News ::: Articles And Writers ::: Awqaf Africa Press Release ::: Simply Thank You! :: Qur'an Translation ::: Qur'an Transliteration ::: Sahih Al Bukhari ::: Sahih Muslim ::: Muwatta` Malik ::: Sunan Abu-Dawud ::: Qur'an And Hadith Divan ::: Donations Options :: : As-Sirah Biography ::: The Final Prophet ::: The Four Caliphs ::: The Companions ::: Muslim Profiles ::: Our Sheikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu ::: Articles And Writers ::: Do Something Rewarding Now! :: Muslim Briefcase ::: Ad-Duaa - Prayers ::: Hajj And Umrah ::: Figh us Sunnah ::: Names for Muslims ::: True Muslim Woman ::: Ash-Shirk [i.e. Polytheism] ::: Donate To African Muslim Communities! :: Arabic Dictionary ::: Directories A - Z ::: African Muslim Directories ::: Middle East Directories ::: Arabian Gulf Yellow Pages ::: Awqaf Muslim Communities ::: Helping The African Muslims :: African Islamic education services and interactive Muslim World news network with insightful analysis and commentary on issues and events of importance to Muslims unfolding Muslim perspectives and Da'wah :: The Muslim World :: African Muslimsgt;>> Free Muslim visits in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Accra, Cotonou, Port Novo, Freetown, Abidjan, Dakar, Khartoum, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Harare, or Kinshasa visits@esinislam.com <<>> FREE Translations English-Arabic-English and French-Arabic-French are available for mosques, Islamic centres, and Muslim organizations based in Africa or serving the Africans abroad: translator@esinislam.com <<>> Free Islamic And Arabic Studies For The African Muslims And African American Muslims <<>> Islam In Africa <> Islam In America <> Islam In Europe <> Islam In Asia <<>> Join us celebrating Islam in Africa Muslims or African Muslims | Muslims of Africa and Muslims in Africa Islam in Angola Muslims or Angolan Muslims | Muslims of Angola and Muslims in Angola <>Islam in Benin Muslims or Dahome Muslims | Muslims of Benin and Muslims in Benin <> Islam in Botswana Muslims or Boswanan Muslims | Muslims of Botswana and Muslims in Botswana <> Islam in Burkina Faso Muslims or Burkinan Muslims | Muslims of Burkinafaso and Muslims in Burkinafaso <> Islam in Burundi Muslims or 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Clock
African Migrants Risk All To Cross
Desert To European Destinations
October 13, 2008IRIN --
Sub-Saharan migrants continue attempting
dangerous and illegal crossings into Libya and
Algeria.
They pick their way
through Niger's Air mountains, circumventing a
mountain rebellion, increased mountain
banditry, and North African border crackdowns,
according to migrants and smugglers in Niger's
mountain gateway town of Agadez.
Freddy Kasseri, a
22-year-old Ghanaian migrant, told IRIN he
regretted leaving Ghana in search of work when
his truck was stopped on 12 August 2008, 500km
from Agadez, en route to Libya. An armed truck
intercepted his group: "They made us undress
and took everything of value." Kasseri said
the bandits took five Ghanaian women and five
Nigerian women into the desert.
Kasseri, interviewed by
IRIN in Agadez, said the bandits had stolen
over US$300 and taken all his clothes: "I
prepared well before leaving [Ghana], but I
have lost everything en route and am not sure
how I will eat tonight."
Despite a sharp drop in
tourism since the outbreak of a mountain
rebellion in February 2007, thousands of West
Africans still pass through the former tourist
hub of Agadez to reach North Africa - and for
some, Europe - according to a May 2007 UN
Children's Fund study.
People smugglers
Upon arrival in Agadez,
the job-seeking migrants are greeted by people
smugglers.
Agadez resident Raliou
Hamed said the smuggler network has grown in
recent years: "Since the 1990s, there has been
an endless flow of migrants travelling through
Agadez to Libya and Algeria to find work, earn
some money, and continue onward [to Europe].
Most arrive in Agadez broke, and are forced to
do whatever they can to survive to pay these
agents."
He described a well-organised
smuggling operation that "rivalled any travel
agency, except without the signs".
The 2007 UN funded-Niger
government study estimated at least 10
unauthorised transportation businesses - with
a dozen offices and more than 50 employees -
were recruiting migrant passengers.
Known locally as Tchagga,
these sub-Saharan smugglers help the West
African migrants find transportation,
lodgings, and meals, bribing officials as
necessary.
The study estimated the
cost of the trip could run to US$250 per
person after all the middlemen's fees are
taken into account.
The average monthly
salary in much of sub-Saharan Africa is US$45,
according to a 2008 UN estimate.
Rebellion alters routes
Migrants told IRIN they
gathered in small groups, lodged in huts 30km
from Agadez, and departed at night for Libya
and Algeria in tarpaulin-covered Toyota 4x4's.
Drivers told IRIN the
main route to Libya involved a 1600km trip
which took the fugitives to Sebha, Libya, and
cost US$150 per person.
Mountain rebel violence,
which surged in February 2007, has changed the
drivers' normal route into Algeria.
Trucks leaving from
Arlit in Niger for Tamarrrasset in Algeria -
which cost an additional US$10 per person, and
cover 875km - try to avoid police posts and
military convoys on the lookout for rebels.
On 8 October, a man
requesting anonymity told IRIN his brother,
Noura Sountal, died on 19 September when his
truck filled with migrants hit a mine 40km
from the northern Niger military post of
Madama, 1000km from Agadez. He said four of
the migrants on board also died.
A 20-year-old migrant
from Kumasi, Ghana, who preferred anonymity,
told IRIN the risk of violence and security
crackdowns would not deter him: "You hear
about the risks, but it is hard to know what
it is really like out there. You know,
everybody has their luck. We just pray to
cross the desert."
A 2008 illegal migration
study by the research and advocacy
non-governmental organisation Open Society
Institute for West Africa (OSIWA) said
"draconian" security crackdowns on illegal
migrants in North Africa had led to the
forced, and at times violent, expulsion of
migrants.
Stranded
A man who gave IRIN his
name as Abdoulaye said that on one of his
several attempts to cross the desert to
Algeria, the driver left his group in the
Algerian village of Tchmilkom, 70km from the
Niger border: "We did not have enough petrol.
The driver collected more than US$200 from us,
and said he was going to buy petrol and...
that it was too dangerous for us to accompany
him because of the security checkpoints."
Abdoulaye said his group
walked as far as they could, and then took
different commercial convoys back to Arlit in
Niger.
However, a migrant
smuggler who preferred anonymity dismissed
fraud allegations against drivers: "That is
totally untrue. Without migrants, we have no
business. The migrants' countrymen cheat them
and blame us, the drivers."
Starting in 2005,
security forces in Morocco and Algeria have
reported finding the dehydrated corpses of
would-be immigrants in the desert.
Second try
The International Office
for Migration (IOM) estimated in 2008 that up
to 120,000 sub-Saharan Africans were entering
North Africa annually, with up to 38 percent
continuing on to Europe.
"Migrants failing, or
not venturing, to enter Europe often prefer to
settle in North Africa as a "second-best"
option, rather than return to their
substantially poorer or unsafe countries of
origin," IOM researcher Hein de Haas wrote.
Upon his return to
Agadez after a failed attempt to enter Libya,
Ghanaian migrant Kasseri told IRIN he was
saving money for another attempt: "Sometimes I
help a bricklayer in my neighbourhood and earn
a little over US$1 a day. My master's degree
in anthropology does me very little good."
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