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Selected Muslims In
Civilization :: خيار المسلمين في الحضارة
--
Imam Abu Hanifa |
Imam Ibn Hanbal |
Imam Malik |
Imam Al Shafi’i |
Al Ayoubi |
Al Battani |
Al Biruni |
Al Buzjani |
Al Farghani |
Al Kindi |
Al Idrisi |
Al Khayyam |
Al Khawarizmi |
Al Tusi |
Al Zahrawi |
Dan Fodio |
Ibn Al-Baitar |
Ibn Al Nafis |
Ibn Batuta |
Ibn Haiyan |
Ibn Khaldun |
Ibn Rushd |
Ibn Qurra |
Ibn Sina |
Ibn Ziyad |
Ibn Zuhr |
Sheikh Abdulfattah Abu-Abdullah Adelabu (Ph. D. Damas)
Wali al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman b. Mohamed Ibn Khaldun
IBN KHALDUN, Wali al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman b. Mohamed b.
Mohamed b. Abi Bakr Mohamed b. al-Hassan (732-84/1332-82), one of the most
prominent figures of Arab-Muslim culture.
He is universally recognized as the founder and father of Sociology and
Sciences of History. He is best known for his famous 'Muqaddimah,'
(Prolegomena).
His life is divided into three parts, the first of which (20 years) was
occupied by his childhood and education, the second (23 years) by the
continuation of his studies and by political adventures, and the third (31
years) by his life as a scholar, teacher and magistrate. The first two
periods were spent in the Muslim West and the third was divided between the
Maghrib and Egypt.
Khaldun was born in Tunisia in 1332 C.E., where he received his early
education and where, still in his teens, he entered the service of the
Egyptian ruler Sultan Barquq. His thirst for advanced knowledge and a better
academic setting soon made him leave this service and migrate to Fez. This
was followed by a long period of unrest marked by contemporary political
rivalries affecting his career.
This phase also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn
Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write
Muqaddimah, the first volume of his world history that gave him an immortal
place among historians, sociologists and philosophers.
The uncertainty of his career still continued, with Egypt becoming his final
abode where he spent his last 24 years. Here he lived a life of fame and
respect, marked by his appointment as the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing
at the Al-Azhar University, but people started to envy which resulted in his
removal from his high judicial office.
Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in the fields of philosophy, history
and sociology. He sought to write a world history preambled by a first
volume aimed at an analysis of historical events. This volume, commonly
known as 'Muqaddimah' or 'Prolegomena', was based on Ibn Khaldun's unique
approach and original contribution and became a masterpiece in literature on
philosophy of history and sociology.
By this work, Ibn Khaldun aimed at identifying psychological, economic,
environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of human
civilization and the currents of history. In this context, he analyzed the
dynamics of group relationships and showed how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya,
give rise to the ascent of a new civilisation and political power and how,
later on, its diffusion into a more general civilization invites the advent
of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine form. He identified an almost
rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in human civilization, and analyzed
factors contributing to it.
Unlike most earlier writers interpreting history largely in a political
context, Ibn Khaldun's emphasised environmental, sociological, psychological
and economic factors governing the apparent events. This revolutionized the
science of history and also laid the foundation of Umraniyat (Sociology).
Apart from the 'Muqaddimah' that became an important independent book even
during the lifetime of the author, the other volumes of his world history
Kitab al-I'bar deal with the history of Arabs, contemporary Muslim rulers,
contemporary European rulers, ancient history of Arabs, Jews, Greeks,
Romans, Persians, etc., Islamic History, Egyptian history and North-African
history, especially that of Berbers and tribes living in the adjoining
areas. The last volume deals largely with the events of his own life and is
known as Al-Tasrif. This initiated a new analytical tradition in the art of
writing autobiography.
Ibn Khaldun's great contributions in history, philosophy of history,
sociology, political science and education have remained dominant and
significant ever since his life. His books have been translated into many
languages, both in the East and the West, and have inspired other figures to
develop these sciences and add to them.
©
EsinIslam.Com
Links To The Muslim Profiles - The Muslims Who Built
The World:
Muslim Profiles --
Imam Abu Hanifa |
Imam Ibn Hanbal |
Imam Malik |
Imam Al Shafi’i |
Al Ayoubi |
Al Battani |
Al Biruni |
Al Buzjani |
Al Farghani |
Al Kindi |
Al Idrisi |
Al Khayyam |
Al Khawarizmi |
Al Tusi |
Al Zahrawi |
Dan Fodio |
Ibn Al-Baitar |
Ibn Al Nafis |
Ibn Batuta |
Ibn Haiyan |
Ibn Khaldun |
Ibn Rushd |
Ibn Qurra |
Ibn Sina |
Ibn Ziyad |
Ibn Zuhr |
Sheikh Abdulfattah Abu-Abdullah Adelabu (Ph. D. Damas)
::
Stories Of The Companions ::
قصص الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم
--
'Abbaad Ibn Bishr |
‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbaas |
‘Abdullah Ibn 'Amr Ibn Al-'Aas |
'Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi |
'Abdullah ibn Jahsh |
'Abdullah Ibn Mas'uud |
'Abdullah Ibn Rawaahah |
'Abdullah Ibn Sailam |
'Abdallah Ibn 'Umar |
'Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum |
'Abdullah Ibn Az-Zubair |
'Abd Ar- Rahman Ibn Abi Bakr |
'Abd Ar-Rahman Ibn 'Awf |
Abu Ad-Dardaa |
Abu Ayuub Al-Ansaariy |
Abu Dhar Al-Ghifaariy |
Abu Jabir Abdallah bin
Amr bin Hiram |
Abu Hurairah |
Abu-l Aas ibn ar-Rabiah |
Abu Muusaa Al-Ash'ariy |
Abu Sufyaan Ibn Al-Haarith |
Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah |
'Adiyy ibn Hatim |
'Aishah bint Abi Bakr |
Al-'Abbaas Ibn 'Abd Al-Muttalib |
Al-Baraa' Ibn Maalik |
Al-Miqdaad Ibn 'Amr |
'Ammaar Ibn Yaasir |
'Amr Ibn Al -'Aas |
'Amr Ibn Al-Jamuuh |
An-Nuayman ibn Amr |
An-Numan ibn Muqarrin |
Asmaa bint Abu Bakr |
At-Tufail Ibn 'Amr Ad-Dawsiy |
Az-Zubair Ibn Al-'Awaam |
Barakah |
Bilaal Ibn Rabaah |
Fatimah bint Muhammad |
Fayruz ad-Daylami |
Hakim ibn Hazm |
Hamzah Ibn 'Abd Al-Muttalib |
Hudhaifah Ibn Al-Yamaan |
Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl |
Ja'far Ibn Abi Taalib |
Julaybib |
Habib Ibn Zaid |
Khabbab ibn al-Arat |
Khaalid Ibn Al-Waliid |
Khaalid Ibn Sa'iid |
Khubaib Ibn 'Adiy |
Mi'aadh Ibn Jabal |
Muhammad ibn Maslamah |
Mus'ab Ibn 'Umair |
Nuaym ibn Masud |
Rabiah ibn Kab |
Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan |
Rumaysa bint Milhan |
Qais Ibn Sad Ibn Ubaadah |
Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqaas |
Sa'd Ibn Mitaadh |
Sa'd Ibn 'Ubaadah |
Sa'iid Ibn Aamir |
Sa'iid ibn Zayd |
Saalim Mawlaa Abi Hudhaifah |
Salamah Ibn Al-Akwa' |
Salmaan Al-Faarisiy |
Suhayb ar-Rumi |
Suhayb Ibn Sinaan |
Suhayl Ibn'Amr |
Talhah Ibn - Ubaid Allah |
Thaabit Ibn Qais |
Thumamah ibn Uthal |
'Ubaadah Ibn As-Saamit |
Ubaiy Ibn Ka'b |
Umair Ibn Sa'd |
Umair Ibn Wahb |
'Umraan Ibn Husain |
Umm Salamah |
Uqbah ibn Aamir |
Usaamah Ibn Zaid |
Usaid Ibn Hudair |
'Utbah Ibn Ghazwaan |
'Uthmaan Ibn Madh'uun |
Zayd al-Khayr |
Zayd Ibn Al-Khattaab |
Zayd Ibn Haarithah |
Zayd Ibn Thaabit |
Muhammad The Messenger Of Allah ::
محمّد رسول الله صلى الله عليه
وسلّم --
Biography by a Muslim, Muhammad Hamidullah |
Biography by a non-Muslim, K. Rao |
The Prophet (s.a.w.) as a blessing to mankind |
Description Of The Prophet (s.a.w.) |
Finality of Prophethood |
Last Sermon Of The Prophets (s.a.w.) |
What other scholars say about the Prophet (s.a.w.) and
additional sayings |
The Rightly Guided Caliphs ::
الخلفاء الراشدون رضوان عليهم |
The First Caliph, Abu Bakr (632-634 A.C.)
|
The Second Caliph, Umar (634-644 A.C.) |
The Third Caliph, Uthman (644-656 A.C.) |
The Fourth Caliph, Ali (656-661 A.C.)
|
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