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A'imma
()
Plural of imam al-madhhab; imams of the legal schools. (t.p) A'uzu billahi minashaitanir rajim () This is an expression and a statement that Muslims have to recite before reading to Qur'an, before speaking, before doing any work, before making a supplication, before taking ablution, before entering the wash room, and before doing many other daily activities. The meaning of this phrase is: I seek refuge in Allah from the outcast Satan. Allah is the Arabic name of God. Satan is the source of evil and he always tries to misguide and mislead people. The Qur'an states that Satan is not an angel but a member of the Jinn, which are spiritual beings created by Allah. So the belief that Satan is a fallen angel is rejected in Islam. (c.m.j.e)
A.H.(After Hijrah)
() The arabic expression "i seek protection in Allah from the accursed shaytan." one says this before beginning to recite the qur'an. (t.p)
A`udhu billahi min
ash-shaytan ar-rajim ()
After-time, eternity without beginning. the secret of after-time is the negation of lastness. (t.p)
Abd
()
Plural of badl. (t.p)
Abdan
()
A runaway slave. (t.p)
Abjad
()
see Ibrahim. (c.i.e)
Abu 'ali ad-daqqaq
()
One of the closest companions of Prophet Muhammad, given the appelation as-Sadiq, "the Truthful." Upon the death of the Prophet in 632 C.E., Abu Bakr became the first Caliph (successor) and served as leader of the Muslim community until his death in 634 C.E. (c.i.e)
Abu dawud
()
Abu hanifa an-nu`man ibn thabit, founder of the hanafi school in baghdad. he is one of the four imams and is known for developing ra'y (judicial opinion). he shunned sleep and was called the "peg" because he used to stand for long periods in night prayers. he only slept between zuhr and asr. he grew up in kufa and the khalif al-mansur asked him to accept the post of qadi. he refused and al-mansur imprisoned him and beat him until he died. he would never sit in the shade of someone to whom he had loaned money, saying, "every loan that brings benefit is usury." he died in 150/767. (t.p)
Abu madyan
()
Ahmad ibn `abdullah ibn ahmad al-isfahani, a notable hadith scholar who studied under many excellent men. he wrote various works, including al-mustadrak `ala kull min as-sahihayn and hilya al-awliya'. it is said that it was taken to nishapur and sold there for 400 dinars. he was born in rajab, 334/942 and died in safar, or on 20 muharram, 430/1038 in isfahan. (t.p)
Abu sa'id al-kharraz
()
Abu Muhammad ibn all, shaykh of the sufis and people of the sunna. he was born in iraq between baghdad and wasit. he was a sufi, maliki faqih and scholar. he wrote the qut al-qulub. he died in baghdad in 386/998-9. he was the leader of the salimiya in basra. (t.p)
Abu ya`la
()
Ya`qub ibn ibrahim ibn habib al-ansari al-baghdadi, born in kufa in 113/731. he was the student of abu hanifa and the first to propagate his school, a hadith master and brilliant jurist who had an extensive knowledge of tafsir. he acted as qadi in baghdad for al-mahdi, al-hadi and harun ar-rashid, who made the hanafi school the official state code for the 'abbasids. he was also the first to write on the principles (usul) of hanafi fiqh, and was a mujtahid. he died in baghdad in 182/798. he wrote kitab al-kharaj on taxation and constitutional questions. (t.p)
Ad-dahr
()
Unending and everlasting time, not divided into past, present and future. linear time is called "zaman"in arabic. (t.p)
Ad-daqqaq
()
'Ali ibn 'umar, from dar al-qutn, a part of baghdad. he was an unrivalled scholar in his era. he had knowledge of traditions and weaknesses and the names of the men and their states in integrity, truthfulness and knowledge of the schools of the fuqaha'. he was born in 306/918 and died in 385/995. he has many books, including a hadith collection, as-sunan, and al-istidrak which is about the weakness of some hadiths in al-bukhari. he also has one of the first books on the gira'at. (t.p)
Ad-dardir
()
Mulay al-'arabi, (1150/1737 - 1239/1823), the nineteenth century mujaddid or renewer of sufism in the maghrib. he was considered to be the qutb. he was the founder of the darqawi branch of the shadhiliya. his letters to his disciples contain rules of conduct, instructions and core teachings of the tariqa, elucidating and simplifying the teachings of his shaykh, sidi `ali al-jamal (d. 11934/1779-80). (t.p)
Ad-darimi
()
"The five essential values": religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. the objectives (maqasid) of the shari`a involve the promotion and protection of these values. the principle of masalih mursala is based on achieving the realisation of these values. (t.p)
Ad-durr al-bayda'
()
Shams ad-din Muhammad b. ahmad al-maliki, (d. 1230/1815). he wrote a gloss (hashiya) on ahmad ad-dardir's work. (t.p)
Adab
()
Correct behaviour, both inward and outward, good deportment. (t.p)
Adab al-qadi
()
The adab of qur'an recitation includes the following: the intention should be sincerely for Allah and not to please others; the reciter must be pure in body, clothes and place; one begins by seeking refuge with Allah; it should be done with fear and humility and distinct pronunciation, and with awareness of the meanings of what is being recited; the recitation should be neither too soft nor too loud. (t.p)
Adam
(aa-dum)
Muhammad ibn ahmad, great turkoman muslim scholar, born in damascus in 673/1274, who wrote a hundred books, including siyar a'lam an-nubala'. he records the biographies of the narrators of hadith. he died in damascus in 748/1347. (t.p)
Adha
()
The call to prayer. (t.p)
Adhan
()
The call for the daily prayers are called Adhan. The person who calls the Adhan is called a Mu'adhin. A Mu'adhin calls the Adhan five times a day before Muslims are to perform their daily Salah (Prayer). The Adhan is composed of specific words and phrases to be recited loudly in the Arabic language so that the neighbors can recognize the time schedule for the prayers. (c.m.j.e)
Adib
()
Someone who is characterised by adab, someone well-disciplined. (t.p)
Adilla
()
Logical proofs or evidence. (t.p)
Adl
(adil)
The acts, of Allah. (t.p)
Afaqi
()
The best. (i.i.q)
Afrad
()
Rafidite sect, see futhiyya. (t.p)
AH
()
"One", designating Allah's unique oneness, disconnected from others. (see qur'an 112:1),(t.p)
Ahad
()
Sayings and traditions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). Singular: Hadith. (i.i.q)
Ahadith
()
The transcendent unity which is not the object of any distinctive knowledge and so is not accessible to the creature; the state of unity which admits of no plurality whatsoever, the unity is the sum of all potentialities and as such is not an object of worship. (t.p)
Ahkam
()
"Rulings of the qur'an" by qadi ibn al-`arab1 (d. 543/1148). there are several books with this title by different authors. essentially it presents the ayats which contain legal judgements and explains them. it is very systematically formulated. (t.p)
Ahkam al-qur'an
()
House, family, kin. (t.p)
Ahl adh-dhimma
()
"The people of justice and unity", the title used by the mu'tazilites for themselves: "justice", because they say that human actions are not predetermined by Allah or it would be unjust for god to reward or punish people; "unity", because they reject the attribution of any physical and human qualities to Allah, saying that Allah is not only unique, but also he has no multiplicity within him. they hold the view that all anthropomorphic expressions in the qur'an must be interpreted as metaphors and images, and must not be understood literally. (t.p)
Ahl al-bayt
()
A term used to denote the conservative traditionalists, especially at the time of the mu'tazilite/ash'arite conflict during the 'abbasid era. (t.p)
Ahl al-hadith
()
"The people of loosing and binding," i.e, the `ulama' (scholars), leaders and army commanders who make binding decisions for the community. (t.p)
Ahl al-harb
()
"The people of the book", principally the jews and christians whose religions are based on the divine books revealed to musa and `isa; a term also used to refer to any other group who claim to be following a book revealed prior to the qur'an. (t.p)
Ahl al-Kitab
()
The people of gnosis, the gnostics. (t.p)
Ahl al-madina
()
Means people of opinion. It is refers to people that are consulted on Islamic matters. These people are highly learned in Islam. (i.i.q)
Ahl ar-ra'y
()
People of opinion. it is used to refer to people who make use of the principle of ra'y to arrive at rulings. (t.p)
Ahl as-sufiyya
()
The people of the sunna and the community: all the people who follow the sunna of the prophet and who hold together as a community on that basis; the main body of the muslim community. (t.p)
Ahliya
()
An active legal capacity which can incur rights as well as obligations. (t.p)
Ahliya al-wujub
()
Legal capacity. (i.i.q)
Ahliyat al-add'
()
Legal capacity for the acquisition of rights and obligations. (i.i.q)
Ahlul Kitab Wa Sunnah
()
A famous sufi, said to be descended from 'ali, the fourth khalif. he was born in fez in the zuqaq al-hajar in 596/1199-1200, the youngest of eight children. he went to makka with his family while still a child. he knew the seven gira'at. he went to tanta (tandita) in egypt and became very ascetic. the founder of the ahmadiya or badawiya tariqa, he died in 675/1276. (t.p)
Ahmad bamba
()
Ahmad ibn lu'lu' ar-rums, shihab ad-din. his father was a christian convert from antakya, turkey, who was originally captured and enslaved by a muslim prince who educated him and then set him free. then he served him as a captain (naqib) and later became a sufi in the baybariyya of cairo where ahmad was born in 702/1302. ahmad memorised the seven qira'at and studied shafi`i fiqh, tafsir, arabic, and sufism. he wrote the 'umdat as-salik. he died of the plague in ramadan in 769/1368 at the age of 67. (t.p)
Ahmad ibn hanbal
()
Imam of the ahl as-sunna and founder of the hanbali school, born in baghdad in 164/780. he was so devoted to the sunna and hadith that he became their imam in his time. he learned fiqh from ash-shafi`i. he died in 241/855. (t.p)
Ahmadiya
()
The seven different modes in which the qur'an was revealed. (t.p)
Ahwal
()
means parties. Ahzab is used to describe the different tribes that fought the Muslims in the Battle of the Ditch in 627 C.E., 5 A.H.. (c.m.j.e)
Aid al-ithbat
()
Daughter of Abu Bakr and one of the wives of Prophet Muhammad. Aisha transmitted a large number of the Prophet's hadith, which were compiled by scholars in early Islamic history. (c.i.e)
Ajal
()
A kharijite sub-sect, close in belief to the najdites. they were the followers of 'abdu'l-karim ibn 'ajrad. (t.p)
Ajrul Mithl
()
Plural of khabar. (t.p)
Akhbar al-ghayb
()
The next world, what is on the other side of death, the hereafter, the dimension of existence after this world. (t.p)
Akhira
()
The plural of khuluq, meaning trait of character. in the plural it means ethics, morality. the prophet said, "i was sent to perfect good character (akhlaq)."(t.p)
Al- mi`yar
()
Shaykh abu'l-'abbas ahmad ibn mustafa ibn 'aliwa, born in mostaghanem, algeria in 1291/1874, he was also known as ibn 'aliwa. he was a cobbler in his youth. he was a sufi, maliki scholar, poet and renewer of the shadhiliya tariqa, founding the 'alawi-darqawi tariqa. his shaykh was al-buzidi, a darqawi shaykh. although he could neither read nor write, he dictated several remarkable and complex works, including his commentary on al-murshid al-ma'in of ibn al-'ashir, and his diwan which is still widely sung today. he died in 1353/1934. many think he was a mujaddid or renewer. (t.p)
Al-'ayn ath-thabita
()
"The notable", the title of the high court official of egypt who purchased the prophet yusuf - and whom the prophet yusuf eventually became. (t.p)
Al-'utbiyya
()
The great mist: primordial non-spatiality in non-time. (t.p)
Al-`ama'
()
The intellect, al- 'aql al-awwal: the first intellect, analogous to the pen (al-qalam). (t.p)
Al-`aql
()
Active intellect, the nous of plotinus, the logos, or "world of ideas" of plato, a term used by al-farabi. (t.p)
Al-`aql al-hayulanl
()
Acquired intellect, intellectus acquisitus, learned knowledge, a term used by al-farabi. (t.p)
Al-`ayan ath-thabita
()
Muhammad ibn ahmad, scholar of cordova and pupil of ibn habib, who wrote al-'utbiyya. he was one of the first to popularise malik's school in andalusia. he died, in 255/869. his compendium was also called al-mustakhraja. `(t.p)
Al-Aamilu-Alaz-Zakah
()
"The five values", the categories of fard or wajib, mandub, mubah, makruh, and haram. (t.p)
Al-ahkam as-sultaniya
()
"The laws of islamic governance" by abu'l-hasan al-mawardi (d. 450/1058). a classical work on the laws of islamic governance in practice. it deals with the principles of political science, with special reference to the functions and duties of the khalifs, the chief minister and other ministers, the relationships between various elements of the public and the government, and measures to strengthen the government, and ensure victory in war. he is considered as being the author and supporter of the "doctrine of necessity" in political science. (t.p)
Al-ahkam at-taklifiyya
()
"The sand dunes", the tracts of sand dunes where the people of `ad lived, next to hadramawt and yemen. also the title of sura 46 of the qur' an. (t.p)
Al-akabir `an al-asaghir
()
The trust, or moral responsibility or honesty, and all the duties which Allah has ordained. (see qur'an 33:72). amana also means trustworthiness, faithfulness, honesty. (t.p)
Al-amana
()
The command, "be!" (kun) which translates possibilities into the manifest (fa yakun). (t.p)
Al-amr al-mujtamil 'alayhi
()
Promotion of good and prevention of evil. this is a duty for all muslims which is prescribed in the qur' an. (t.p)
Al-ansari
()
Literally "causes and means", intermediary causes. (t.p)
Al-asbab wa'l-wasa'it
()
the ten people that were given the glad tiddings of assurance of entering Paradise. They were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abdur Rahman ibn Awf, Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, Talhah ibn Ubaydullah, az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Sa'id ibn Zayd. (c.m.j.e)
Al-aslah
()
The most beautiful names, meaning the ninety nine names of Allah. (t.p)
Al-awza`i
()
Abu Muhammad al-husayn ibn mas`ud, born in bagha near herat, a shafi'i imam in various fields. his father was a furrier. he was known to his contemporaries as "the reviver of the din". he has a sixteen volume sharh as-sunna, dealing with shafi `i fiqh and the basis for it. he has a tafsir entitled lubab at-ta'wil. he died in marw in 510/1117. he produced the masabih as-sunna which is a collection of hadiths. (t.p)
Al-baghawi
()
Al-husayn ibn mas`ud, born in bagha, an imam in various fields. he was known to his contemporaries as "the reviver of the din". he has a sixteen volume sharh as-sunna, dealing with shafi`i fiqh and the basis for it. he has a tafsir entitled lubab at-ta'wil. he died in marw in 510/1117. (t.p)
Al-baqillani
()
Presumption of innocence or freedom from liability. (t.p)
Al-baydawi
()
Ahmad ibn al-husayn, abu bakr, born in khasrajand, a village around bayhaq near nishapur. he produced nearly a thousand volumes, and was a shafi`i. al-bayhagi was one of the great imams in hadith and shafi`i jurisprudence. he wrote some important books, such as-sunan al-kubra, as-sunan as-sughra, al-mabsut, and alasma' wa's-sifat. he died in nishapur in 458/1066. (t.p)
Al-bayhaqi
()
"The visited house", Allah's house above the seventh heaven. (t.p)
Al-bazzar
()
Abu yazid tayfur ibn 'isa, known as bayazid al-bistami. he was a famous sufi who was born in bistam in 188/804. his grandfather was a zoroastrian. bayazid made a detailed study of the shari'a and practiced self-denial (zuhd). throughout his life he was assiduous in the practice of his religious obligations and in observing voluntary worship. many muslim scholars both in his time and after his time, said that bayazid al-bistami was the first to spread the reality of annihilation (fana'). he is famous for his ecstatic expressions. he died in in 260/874 at the age of 71, either in damascus or bistam, persia. (t.p)
Al-bukhari
()
Lit. "the cloak", meaning the mantle of the prophet, the name of a popular poem written in praise of the prophet by al-busiri. (t.p)
Al-buruj
()
A berber born in cairo, (610/1213 - 695/1296). he was a disciple of ash-shadhili and al-mursi. he was suffering from paralysis when he dreamt that the prophet put his mantle on him and he awoke cured and wrote al-burda, the famous poem in praise of the prophet. (t.p)
Al-falak al-atlas
()
"Sublime revelation", a series of discourses by shaykh `abdu'l-qadir al-jilani (d. 561/1166). (t.p)
Al-fiqh al-akbar
()
The trials and the signs of the hour. also known as ayat as-sa`a, "the signs of the hour". (t.p)
Al-furqan
()
"The rich-beyond-need" or "independent", he who has no need of anything. this describes Allah while the creature is poor (faqir). (t.p)
Al-ghashiya
()
"The overwhelmer", one of the names for the day of judgement and the name of sura 88 of the qur'an. (t.p)
Al-ghayb al-mutlaq
()
(Also written al-ghazzali) Muhammad ibn Muhammad, abu hamid at-tusi, the shafi i imam and sufi born in tabiran, near tus in 450/1058. he studied fiqh with al-juwayni. he taught at the nizamiyya madrasa before he became a sufi, pointing out that all religious certainty was a result of spiritual experience. he is nicknamed "shafi`i the second". he died in tabiran in 505/1111. he was the author of many books, especially ihya' `ulum ad-din. (t.p)
Al-ghazali
()
Cultural aggression. (t.p)
Al-ghunya li talibi
tariq, al-haqq ()
"Those with shining white on their foreheads, wrists and ankles", a name that will be given on the day of resurrection to the muslims because the parts of their bodies which they used to wash in ablution will shine then. (t.p)
Al-hakim
()
Abu `abdullah Muhammad ibn 'ali, originally from tirmidh, a sufi and shafi`i scholar. he was exiled from tirmidh on account of a book he wrote and went to balkh (now wazirabad) where he was welcomed. he died there at the age of 90 in around 320/931. his major work was the kitab khatm al-awliya'. he discusses things like the light of Muhammad, the reality of adam, the symbolism of the arabic letters and angels. (t.p)
Al-hallaj
()
The arabic expression which means "praise belongs to Allah and thanks to Allah."(t.p)
Al-hamdu lillahi
rabbil 'alamin (AL-HAMDO LILLAHI
RABBIL 'ALAMIN)
() The religion of ibrahim, the primordial religion of tawhad and sincerity to Allah. (t.p)
Al-haqq
()
"The truth through which creation occurs", the breath of the merciful. (cf. qur'an 16:3). (t.p)
Al-harith ibn asad
al-muhasibi ()
A term used to denote the early kharijites, from the name of the village which was their centre. (t.p)
Al-hasa
()
Abu sa'id ibn abu'l-hasan, one of the most eminent of the tabi `un in asceticism and knowledge. he was born in madina in 21/642, the son of a slave captured in maysan who became a mawla of the prophet's secretary, zayd ibn thabit. he was brought up in basra. he went for thirty years without laughing. he met many companions and transmitted many hadiths. his mother served umm salama, the wife of the prophet. he died in basra in 110/728 when he was 88. (t.p)
Al-hasan ibn ziyad
al-lu'lu'i ()
A place outside makka where pilgrims go after finishing all the ceremonies of hajj. (t.p)
Al-hawiya
()
The primal whole which contains the entire universe by potentiality and by competence. (t.p)
Al-hidaya
()
"The rocky tract", a town in arabia about 150 miles north of madina, where the people of thamud lived. also the title of sura 15 of the qur'an. (t.p)
Al-hujwiri
()
Declaratory law, that is, law which regulates the proper implementation of al-hukm at-taklrft, such as by expounding the conditions, exceptions and qualifications thereof. (t.p)
Al-hukm at-takhfi
()
"That which breaks to pieces", the seventh and deepest level of the fire (see qur'an 104:4-9). (t.p)
Al-igtisad
()
Lit. "great man", the macrocosm, the universe. (t.p)
Al-insan al-kamil
()
A treatise by al-jill (d. 811-20/1408-17), on the "universal man". he attempts to systematise the teachings of ibn al`arabi, but not always agreeing with him. he discusses the different levels of divine manifestations. (t.p)
Al-irshad
()
Hellfire. (t.p)
Al-jami` as-saghir
()
(D. 870/1465). he studied fiqh in fes and went on hajj, returned to the sousse and joined the shadhiliya. he was a sharif. he pursued the classical model of jihad in which he led the attack against the portuguese who had subjected the coastal peoples to tribute. his tomb is in marrakesh. he wrote the dala'il al-khayrat. (t.p)
Al-jihad al-akbar
()
The lesser jihad, meaning physical fighting against the unbelievers. (t.p)
Al-jilani
()
See `abdu'l-karim al-jill. al-jullabi: see al-hujwiri. (t.p)
Al-juhfa
()
Abu'l-qasim ibn Muhammad, the shaykh of his time. his family originated from nihawand and he grew up in iraq. his fiqh was taken from abu thawr and sufyan ath-thawri. he took his tariqa from as-sari as-saqati, his uncle, and al-muhasibi. he died in 297/910. he was one of the shafi`i fuqaha' and is buried in baghdad. he defined sufism as "isolating the out-of-time (the eternal without beginning or end) from what originates in time", or as dhawq. (t.p)
Al-juwayni
()
Abu bakr Muhammad ibn ishaq, an authority on early sufism who died in bukhara, probably in 390/1000. he is listed as a hanafi faqih. kalabadh was a district of bukhara. he wrote kitab at-ta `arruf and bahr al-fawa'id. (t.p)
Al-karrubiyun
()
"The unveiler" by az-zamakhshari (d. 538/1144), a mu`tazilite commentary on the qur'an. it has a dogmatic position and is characterised by his own view-point. however, he has a brilliant grasp of grammar and lexicology. (t.p)
Al-kathib
()
The slipping sand-heap, the heap where all souls will assemble in the next world, each taking its place according to its spiritual rank. (t.p)
Al-khallal
()
Abu said ahmad ibn 'isa of baghdad, a cobbler by trade. he met dhu'n-nun al-misri and associated with bishr al-hm and sari as-saqati, he was the author of several books, and died between 279/892 and 286/899. (t.p)
Al-khassaf
()
Or al-khadir, "the green one," whose journey with musa is mentioned in the qur'an 18:60-82. he may or may not be a prophet, and appears often to people. (t.p)
Al-khidr
()
Abu'l-qasim 'umar, one of the early hanbali scholars whose compendium of hanbali fiqh is extant. he left baghdad for damascus when the shi'a gained control there. he died in 334/9456. (t.p)
Al-kibrit al-ahmar
()
"Red sulphur", the philosopher's stone. (t.p)
Al-kitab
()
The five universals: life, religion, family, sanity and property. (t.p)
Al-kursi
()
"The six books", considered to be the most authentic collections of hadith: al-bukhari, muslim, abu dawud, at-tirmidhi, an-nasa'i and ibn majah. (t.p)
Al-lawh al-mahfuz
()
The preserved tablet in the unseen which is also referred to as the umm al-kitab, the place of recording what will be, the repository of destiny. (t.p)
Al-ma`ad
()
This is the title of two major sources in the hanafi school. one is by ash-shaybani (d. 189/804) and is one of the primary texts of the school and is sometimes known as al-asi. it is the largest of ash-shaybani's books in which he collected questions on which abu hanifa gave fatwa. each chapter begins with the traditions they considered sound regarding it and then relevant questions and their answers. it gives a picture of early iraqi fiqh, but not the legal reasoning behind it. the second book with this title is by as-sarakhsi (d. 483/1090) which is comprehensive and based on an unpublished work by al-marwazi. (t.p)
Al-maghili
()
Jalal ad-din, the shaykh of as-suyuti, who began a tafsir which as-suyuti finished which is known as the tafsir al-jalalayn, d. 863/1459. (t.p)
Al-mahdi
()
See abu talib al-makki. (t.p)
Al-mala' al-a'la
()
A vast plateau on the outskirts of madina. (t.p)
Al-manila bayna
manzilatayn ()
The highest place in paradise, which will be granted to the prophet Muhammad and none else. (t.p)
Al-marghinani
()
The messiah, `isa son of maryam. (t.p)
Al-masih
()
The anti-messiah, the antichrist. (t.p)
Al-masih ad-dajjal
()
"Spiritual stagings and addresses", by an-niffari (d. 354/965), a description of various stations through which the salik passes, translated by a.j. arberry. (t.p)
Al-mawardi
()
One of the major sources of the maliki school which was written by ibn al-mawwaz. it is extremely detailed and comprehensive in its discussion of all the sources. (t.p)
Al-mi'un
()
Jamal ad-din, the famous traditionist. his two major works are: the rijal work, tahdhib al-kamdl ft asma' ar-rijal, and tuhfat al-ashraf bi-ma `rifa'l-atraf. the second work is of great utility for analysis of the isnads of hadiths. (d. 742/1341). (t.p)
Al-mu'tafika
()
The famous maliki legal compendium of sahnun. it contains the replies of ibn al-qasim as well as some of those of ibn wahb. it is sometimes called al-mukhtalita (mixed up) because the problems are lumped together in the various chapters. (t.p)
Al-mughni
()
Along with "harariya", a name used for the earliest kharijites. they deserted 'ali's camp when 'ali accepted arbitration in his war with mu`awiya. their objection was that 'ali had followed a human hukm (judgement) rather than divine hukm. they thought that this was tantamount to disbelief and hence they declared 'ali to be a kafir. (t.p)
Al-muhasabi
()
Al-khiragi (d. 334/945-6), one of the most important and most famous hanbali works. over 300 commentaries have been written on it. (t.p)
Al-multazam
()
"The deliverer from error", a book by al-ghazali (d. 505/1111), in which he gives a detailed acount of his intellectual and religious struggles which culminated in his becoming a sufi. (t.p)
Al-mustadrak 'ala as-sahihayn
()
See al-`utbiya. (t.p)
Al-mustasfa min `ilm
al-usul ()
Malik's famous compendium of fiqh and hadith. virtually every hadith in it was accepted by al-bukhari. ash-shafi'i said of it, "after the book of Allah, there is no book on earth sounder than that of malik." there are two surviving recensions: that of yahya ibn yahya al-laythi al-masmudi and that of Muhammad ibn al-hasan ash-shaybani. (t.p)
Al-muwatta'
()
Abu ibrahim ibn isma'il, born in 175/791 in egypt. ash-shafi`i said about him, "if he had debated with shaytan, he would have defeated him." a shafi`i mujtahid, he wrote al-mukhtasar about shafi`i fiqh. if he missed a fard prayer, he would pray it twenty-five times alone; and he used to wash the dead without payment hoping for a reward. he died in 264/878. (t.p)
Al-qarafi
()
Loans fixed for a definite period of time without interest or profit sharing. (i.i.q)
Al-qari`a
()
"The crashing blow", one of the names of the last day and the name of sura 101 of the qur' an. (t.p)
Al-qawa'id al-fiqhiya
()
The seven accepted variant readings of the qur'an. also the title of a famous book on the subject by ibn mujahid. (t.p)
Al-qiyama
()
The arising of people at the resurrection. qubba as-sakhra: dome of the rock in jerusalem. (t.p)
Al-quds
()
Abu'l-husayn ahmad b. Muhammad. he has a well-known compendium or mukhtasar. he died in 428/1036-7. (t.p)
Al-qurtubi
()
Abu'l-qasim 'abdu'l-karim ibn hawazin, the shaykh of khurasan in his time in asceticism and knowledge of the din. he was born in 376/986. he was based at nishapur and died there in 465/1074. he has various books, the most famous of which are the risala al-qushayriya about tasawwuf and the biographies of the sufis, and the la ta'if al-isharat on tafsir. in kalam he was the student of the ash'arite, abu bakr ibn furak, and in sufism the follower of as-sulami, and abu 'ali ad-daqqaq whose daughter fatima he married. he battled the mu'tazilites in nishapur until he had to flee to makka to protect his life. (t.p)
Al-rukn al-yamani
()
By ash-shafi'i (d. 204/820) a seven volume collection which contains ash-shafi'i's final school of fiqh. (t.p)
Al-usnl al-khamsa
()
"The promise and the threat", the promise of heaven and the threat of hell as recompense for actions. a consequence of this, the mu`tazilites assert, is that a wrongdoer can never come out of the fire by divine mercy. (t.p)
Al-wa`idiya
()
This refers to deposits in trust, in which a person may hold property in trust for another, sometimes by implication of a contract. (i.i.q)
Al-wahidi
()
By al-ghazali (d. 505/1111), a synopsis of the shafi`i school. (t.p)
Al-Wakalah al Mutlaqa
()
Ahmad ibn yahya, a maliki mufti of fez, (c. 834/1430 - 914/1508). he has a twelve volume collection of fatwas called al-mi`yar al-mughriban fatawa 'ulama' ifriqiya wa'l-andalus wa'l maghrib, "the standard, expressing the fatwas of the scholars of tunisia, andalusia, and morocco", and other works. (t.p)
Al-wasiti
()
"Absolute being" which is impossible to conceive. it did not come out of non-existence, but exists absolutely. (t.p)
Al-yasa`
()
Instrument, tool. (t.p)
Alaihis Salaam
()
Allah's declaration in the qur'an (7:172): "a lastu bi-rabbikum?" - `am i not your lord?" which, when he created adam, he asked of all the souls of adam's descendants that would exist until the end of the world. this is the primordial covenant (mithaq) between Allah and mankind. (t.p)
Alaysa'
()
One of the companions of the Prophet, he was also Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. He became the fourth Caliph of the early Muslim state in 656 C.E. He is considered the last of the "Rightly-Guided" caliphs by Sunni Muslims, and the first of the Imams by Shi'ah Muslims. (c.i.e)
Alif
()
One who has knowledge. This term refers commonly to a Muslim religious scholar. (pl. Ulama [oo-la-ma] ). (c.i.e)
Alim
(AALIM)
() Instrumentality. (t.p)
Allah
(ALLA ALAH)
() The Name of the Creator of the Universe and all that it contains according to Islam. Derives from the word "Ilah" which means "the One deserving all worship", the One to Whom all hearts submit in love, fear, reverence, desire, trust and sincerity, and to Whom all limbs submit in all forms of worship such as prayers, supplications, sacrifices, invocations, etc. (i.i.q)
Allah
(al-lah)
()
An arabic expression meaning "Allah knows best". (t.p)
Allahu akbar
()
This phrase, known as the Takbir, means "God is Greatest" and is uttered by Muslims at various times. Most often it is pronounced during the daily worship, but Muslims also use it to express happiness, surprise, regret, thankfulness, fear, or approval, thereby reinforcing their belief that all things come from God. (c.i.e)
Allahu akbar
(ALLAHOO AKBAR ALLAHU AKBER ALLAHOO AKBER
ALLAH AKBAR)
() See Zakah. (c.i.e)
Alqab
()
A female slave. thus the female version of "'abdullah" is "amatullah". (t.p)
Amal
()
False hope, remote expectation, as in having a false expectation of the importance of worldly things; or else true hope in Allah. (t.p)
Aman
()
A trust, a fiduciary relationship, a deposit on trust. (t.p)
Amanah
()
(Plural amarat) evidence or an indication which leads to a speculative reasoning, as opposed to dalil, which leads to a definitive ruling. (t.p)
Ameen
(Amin)
means custodian or guardian. Someone who is loyal or faithful. (c.m.j.e)
Amin
()
"Ameen", a compound of verb and noun meaning "answer our prayer" or "so be it". (t.p)
Amin
()
The one who commands, the source of authority in a situation; a military commander. (t.p)
Amir
() Amir is used in Islam to mean leader or commander. (i.i.q)
Amir al-mumineen
() An expression used for separating an introductory from the main topics in a speech; the introductory being usually concerned with Allah's praises and glorification. literally it means "whatever comes after."(t.p)
Amr
()
(Plural awamir, umur) command, matter, affair. (t.p)
Amr
()
Promotion of good and prevention of evil. this is a duty for all muslims which is prescribed in the qur' an. (t.p)
Amthila
()
Wealth. In business context, Amwal means wealth that is contributed as capital in a partnership. Plural: mal. (i.i.q)
An-nabulisi
()
The insinuating self which is wholly evil and totally under the control of passions and bent only on self-gratification. it is totally blind to any higher reality. 'the lower self of man commands to evil acts except where my lord shows mercy." (qur'an 12:53). (t.p)
An-nafs al-lawwama
()
The inspired self, which recognises its faults and strives to correct them. "by the self and what proportioned it and inspired it with depravity or godliness! "(qur'an 91:7-8). (t.p)
An-nafs al-mutma'inna
()
The rational soul which can make its ideas known by means of speech and which also understands speech. it does not die with the body, as it is an essential substance and not an accident. (t.p)
An-nar
()
Abu `abdu'r-rahman ahmad ibn 'ali ibn shu'ayb, born in 215/830 in nasa. he studied with the great scholars and went to those who were mentioned as having knowledge in his time. he was a shafi`i and wrote on the rites of hajj according to the shafi`ites. he used to fast every other day and loved women, having four wives and many slave-girls. he wrote many books on the virtues of the companions, especially on `all. he was skilled in the science of hadith and unique in memorisation and precision. he compiled one of the six sahih collections of hadith: the sunan. his sunan is the one with the fewest weak hadiths after the two main sahih collections. he was murdered in 303/915 in damascus because of his love for 'all by the remnants of the kharijites. (t.p)
An-nasafi
()
Yahya ibn sharaf, abu zakariyya, born in the village of nawa on the horan plain of southern syria in 631/1233. he was the imam of the later shafi'ites and wrote many books: minhaj at talibin, kitdb al-adhkar, riyad as-salihin and other books. he lived very simply. after twenty-seven years in damascus, he returned home and died at the age of 44 in 676/1277. (t.p)
An-nawawi
()
Yahya ibn sharaf, abu zakariyya, born in the village of nawa on the horan plain of southern syria in 631/1233. he was the imam of the later shafi`ites and wrote many books: minhaj at-taliban, kitab al adhkar, riyad as-salihin and other books he lived very simply. after twenty-seven years in damascus, he returned home and died at the age of 44 in 676/1277. (t.p)
An-niffari
()
Abu'l-husayn ahmad ibn Muhammad, a native of baghdad of a khorasani family, a pupil of sari as-saqati and companion of al-junayd. he wrote some fine poetry and died in 295/908. (t.p)
Anbiya'
()
See Mala'ikah. (c.i.e)
Ansar
(ANSAAR) "The light of revelation and secrets of interpretation" by al-baydawi. he condensed the tafsir of az-zamakhshari in places and expanded it in other places, removing its mu`tazilite aspects and overtones. (t.p)
Aqabah
() A contract. (i.i.q)
Aqd Sahih
()
Literally means belief or creed. In Islamic terms, it means the following six articles of faith: 1. Belief in Allah, the One God. 2. Belief in Allah's angels. 3. Belief in His revealed Books. 4. Belief in His messengers. 5. Belief in the Day of Judgement. 6. Belief in Fate and the Divine Decree. (I.Z)
Aqlab
()
'Abdu'l-karim ibn Muhammad, abu'l-qasim, born in qazwin in 557/1162. the imam of his time in fiqh and tafsir, he represents with imam an-nawawi the principle reference of the later shafi`i school. his main work is a commentary on al-ghazali's, al-wajiz, entitled fath al- `aziz. he was a mystic and ascetic. he died in qazwin in 623/1226. (t.p)
Ar-Rahmaan
()
Abu Muhammad (d. c. 370/981), the first writer to compile a comprehensive work on the science of hadith entitled kitab al-muhaddith al-fdsil. (t.p)
Ar-rami
()
The tablet which contained the story of the seven sleepers, or possibly the name of their dog. (see qitmir). (t.p)
Ar-rass
()
The name of one of the gates of paradise through which only the people who often observe fasting will enter. once all the fasters have entered it, it will be locked. (t.p)
Ar-razi
()
Abu'l-`abbas ahmad ibn 'ali, the founder of the rifa i tariqa. he grew up in the area around basra and eventually established his zawiya in umm 'abida. he died in 578/1182. (t.p)
Ar-ruh al-amin
()
The language of the Qur'an. Arabic is a Semitic language, used throughout the world by Muslims and non-Muslims, Arabs and non-Arabs. Historically, in Muslim civilization Arabic became the language of learning and scholarship, and was the common language for people living as far apart as Spain and China. (c.i.e)
Arafat
() A tree from which siwak (tooth brush) is made. (t.p)
Arba`in
()
The earth. the opposite is samawdt, "the heavens". (t.p)
Arkan
()
The elements or essential ingredients of an act, without which the act is not legally valid. (i.i.q)
Arsh
()
The final hour (the day of judgement). (t.p)
As-sa`ir
()
The traditional, time-honored greeting of Muslims, meaning "Peace be upon you." The appropriate response is "Wa Alaykum As-Salaam," meaning, "And upon you be peace also." (c.i.e)
As-salamu 'alaykum
()
The prayer on the prophet. (t.p)
As-salat al-mashishiya
()
The samaritan who made the golden calf. (t.p)
As-sanusi
()
Muhhammad ibn ahmad, abu bakr, a great hanafi imam, mujtahid, qadi and author of the thirty volume encyclopaedic al-mabsut, dictated to his students while he was imprisoned in an underground cell in uzjand near ferghana for advising a local chief about the din. he wrote a number of books and died in ferghana in 483/1090. (t.p)
As-sarraj
()
The gloss of ahmad as-sawi al-maliki on the tafsir al-jalalayn. this actually makes the jalalayn more usable because it explains words and grammatical usages and expands on it. it is in four volumes (which includes the text of the jalalayn). (t.p)
As-sidr wa'l-taqsim
()
Taqi ad-din 'ali ibn `abdu'l-kafi, born in subk, egypt in 683/1284, a shafi`i scholar and mujtahid. he wrote more than 150 books including at-takmila, an eleven volume supplement to an-nawawi's sharh al-muhadhdhab, fatawa as-subki in two volumes, and al-ibhaj fi sharh al-minhaj. in 739/1339 he moved to damascus where he was made a qadi. eventually he fell ill and was replaced by his son and returned to cairo where he died in 756/1355. (t.p)
As-suhrawardi
()
Abu `abdu'r-rahman Muhammad ibn al-husayn, a shaykh of the sufis and author of a book on their history, ranks and tafsir, the tabaqat as-sufiya. he was born in nishapur in 325/936 and died in 412/1021. (t.p)
As-sulami
()
By al-bayhagi (d. 458/1066). the hadiths in this compilation are arranged according to their legal import. they include traditions that were not available from earlier compilations. (t.p)
As-suynti
()
Jalal ad-din'abdu'r-rahman ibn abi bakr, born in 849/1445. a shafi`i mujtahid, sufi, hadith scholar and historian. he wrote books on almost every subject. raised as an orphan in cairo, he memorised the qur'an by the age of eight and proceeded to devote himself to study. at the age of forty he abandoned the company of men for the solitude of the garden of al-miqyas by the nile, avoiding his prior friends, and proceeded to write nearly six hundred books. wealthy muslims and princes visited him, but he put them off and refused to visit the sultan. his books include a hadith collection, jami ' al-jawami', the tafsir al-jalalayn (completing a manuscript by his shaykh, jalal ad-din al-mahalli), and tadrib ar-rawi. he died in 911/1505. (t.p)
Asabiyyah
() Plural of isnad. (t.p)
Asas
()
Causes, plural of sabab. (t.p)
Asbab
()
The historical circumstances of a hadith. (t.p)
Asbab an-nuzul
()
Tribes (of israel). (t.p)
Ash'arites
()
`Abdu'l-wahhab ibn ahmad (848/1492 - 973/1565), egyptian scholar and sufi who founded a tariqa. he was the author of the tabaqat al-kubra. (t.p)
Ash-shadhili
()
Abu 'abdullah Muhammad ibn idris, the famous scholar who was born in ghazza in 150/767 and grew up in makka. he had learned the qur'an by heart when he was seven. he knew grammar, poetry and language. he memorised the muwatta' in a single night. he gave fatwas when he was fifteen. he travelled to yemen and then baghdad and then settled in egypt. he was the founder of one of the four madhhabs. in fact, he produced two schools: the first, the "old school" which was based on the school of madina, and then the "new school" which he produced four years after arriving in cairo. he wrote al-umm and ar-risala. he was the first to formulate the principles of abrogating and abrogated verses. he died in 204/820. (t.p)
Ash-shatibi
()
Muhammad ibn `all, born in shawkan, near khawlan, yemen in 1173/1760. an important scholar, he was educated in san`a' where he became a qadi. he wrote 114 books, especially an eight volume commentary on hadith called nayl al-awtdr. he died in 1250/1834. (t.p)
Ash-shaybani
()
Abu bakr dulaf ibn jahdar, khorasani of origin, but born in baghdad or samarra in 247/861, the son of a court official. he was a maliki faqih. then he joined the circle of junayd and became noted for his eccentric behaviour which led to his commital to an asylum. he died in 334/946 at the age of 87. he left his "sayings" (isharat). his tomb is in baghdad. (t.p)
Ashab al-ayka
()
Those entitled to fixed shares of inheritance by the qur'an. they are: father, father's father however old, half-brother by the mother, husband, wife, daughter, son's daughter, however young, full sister, consanguine sister, uterine sister, mother, and grandmother. (t.p)
Ashab al-kahf
()
"The companions of the left", the people of the fire (see qur'an 56:9). (t.p)
Ashab al-maymana
()
The people of the ditch, the christians of najran who were burned alive by dhu nuwas in yemen in about 525 ce after he had failed to force them to convert to judaism. (see qur'an 85:4-9). (t.p)
Ashab ar-ra'y
()
"Resemblances and similarities", the study of the semantic structure of the law. (t.p)
Asiya
()
(Plural usul) root on whose basis analogy is sought, primary principle, textual basis. (t.p)
Asl
()
The names of the essence. (t.p)
Asma' ar-rijal
()
The names of the attributes. (t.p)
Asr
() This is an expression Muslims say whenever they meet one another. It is a statement of greeting with peace. The meaning of it is:Peace be upon you. Muslims try to establish peace on earth even through the friendly relation of greeting and meeting one another. The other forms are:Assalamu 'Alalikum Wa Rahmatullah,which means:May the peace and the Mercy of Allah be upon you,andAssalamu Alalikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh,which means :May the peace, the mercy, and the blessings of Allah be upon you. (c.m.j.e)
Astaghfiru'llah
()
This is an expression used by a Muslim when he wants to ask Allah forgiveness. The meaning of it is:I ask Allah forgiveness.A Muslim says this phrase many times, even when he is talking to another person. When a Muslim abstains from doing wrong, or even when he wants to prove that he is innocent of an incident he uses this expression. After every Salah (payer), a Muslim says this statement three times. (c.m.j.e)
At-ta`ati
()
Sulayman ibn ahmad, abu'l-qasim, born in acre in 260/873. a great hadith master and mufassir, he travelled to listen to had 7th for sixteen years, meeting about a thousand shaykhs of transmission. he travelled from syria in quest of hadiths, and his journey lasted thirty-three years. he settled in isfahan where he related hadiths for sixty years and produced three hadith collections, the largest of which is the twenty-five volume al-muj `am al-kabir. he died in isfahan in 360/971. (t.p)
At-tabari
()
Abu ya`qub yusuf ibn yahya, known as ibn az-zayyat, born in tadla (tadila), morocco. he spent most of his life in marrakesh and around it. he died in 628-629/1230-31 while qadi of ragraga. he completed at-tashawwuf ila rijal at-tasawwuf in 617/1220. it is one of the earliest and most important sources for the religious history of morocco. (t.p)
At-tahawi
()
By ash-shirazi (d. 470/1083), a standard work on shafi'i doctrine. (t.p)
At-targhib
wa't-tarhib ()
"Facilitation of the sciences of revelation" by ibn juzayy. it is very succinct and comprehensive, quite densely packed into two volumes. it is one of the best of the smaller tafsirs. (t.p)
At-tayalisi
()
Abu'l-`abbas ahmad ibn Muhammad, founder of the tijaniya. he was born in 1150/1737 at 'ayn madi, a village 72 km west of laghuat. he died in 1230/1815 and is buried in fes, morocco. (t.p)
At-tirmidhi
()
Abu `isa ibn Muhammad ibn `isa, he was born in 209/824 and is one of the great scholars. he was proficient in fiqh and had many books on the science of hadith. his book as-sahih is one of the best and most useful books. it is properly entitled al-jami `. he also has ash-shama `il an-nabawiyya. it is said, "whoever has this book in his house, it is as if he had the prophet speaking." he died in tirmidh in 279/892. (t.p)
At-tiwal
()
The mount, the name of sura 52 of the qur'an, refers to mount sinai. (t.p)
Ath-tha`alibi
()
(Plural athar) lit. impact, trace, vestige; also deeds and precedents of the companions. (t.p)
Athar
()
An ash'arite position refined by al-bagillanl which asserts that atoms are simultaneously both space and time. they are instants in space, but without extension. (t.p)
Awaq
()
The plural of wall. (t.p)
Awqaf
()
Property voluntarily transferred to a charity or trust so that it is use for public benefits. (i.i.q)
Awqiyyah
()
parts of the body that are not supposed to be exposed to others. For men this is from the navel to the knee. For the women it is all of her body except the hands, feet, and face. (c.m.j.e)
Awsaq
()
The plural of watad. they are four of the abdal and are part of the spiritual hierarchy. they have a certain spiritual station which is reflected in north, south, east and west. (t.p)
Aya(t)
()
A verse of the qur'an. it literally means "sign" and also refers to the signs that one sees in creation. (sometimes written as dya, which is a more faithful representation of the arabic.) the plural is ayat. (t.p)
Ayaat
() The Arabic meaning of Ayah is a miracle and a sign. The Qur'an is considered to be a miracle itself. Each verse or sentence is called an Ayah or a miracle. The plural of Ayah is called Ayat, which means miracles. (c.m.j.e)
Ayah
()
Literally, "miracle" or "sign." The term is used to designate a verse in the Qur'an. There are over 6,600 ayahs in the Qur'an. (c.i.e)
Ayat al-ahkam
()
The throne verse: qur'an 2:255. also called ayat al-hifz, the ayat of preservation. (see kursi)(t.p)
Ayat al-mawarith
()
"The ayat of buying and selling," qur'an 2:282, which requires witnesses to commercial contracts. (t.p)
Ayat as-sayf
()
Surah Baqara, Ayah 256 of the Quran. It is called the throne of the Quran. (c.m.j.e)
Ayatollah
()
Whereness. (t.p)
Aysa
()
The prophet job. (t.p)
Az-zamakhshari
()
A tree with bitter fruit which grows at the bottom of the fire. its fruit resembles the heads of devils. (t.p)
Azal
()
The father of the prophet ibrahim. his name was terah (or tarah). various explanations were given for this: either it was a nickname or a title. (t.p)
Azariqa
()
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