It is confirmed that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam
sometimes forgot something in the salah. It is also true that
he said: "I am a human being and forget like you forget.
If I forget, remind me." There are specific points
concerning such prostrations and they are presented below.
The "prostrations of forgetfulness" (sujjud us-sahu)
are two prostrations which a person makes before the taslim.
All of this has been confirmed from the Prophet sallallahu
alehi wasallam. In the sahih, it is recorded from Abu Sa'id
al-Khudri that the Prophet said: "If one of you has some
doubts during his salah and he does not recall (the number of
rak'at) he has prayed, three or four, then he can put an end
to his doubt by performing salah according to what he was
certain of [the lesser amount] and then making two sujjud
before the taslim." In the story of Zhul-Yadain, in the
two Sahihs, we are told the Prophet sallallahu alehi wassalam
made the prostrations after the taslim.
Ash-Shaukani says: "The best that is stated on this
subject is that one must follow what the Prophet said or did,
respecting the sujjud before or after the taslim. If one does
something that necessitates sujjud before the taslim, one
should make them before the taslim, and if one does something
requiring sujjud after the taslim, then one should make them
after the taslim. As for those acts of forgetfulness that are
not related to any specific time either before or after the
taslim, one may choose to make the prostrations before or
after the taslim in cases of addition or reduction in the
salah. This is based on what Muslim recorded in his Sahih from
Ibn Mas'ud that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam said:
'If one adds or decreases something from his salah, he should
make two sujjud."'
The "sujjud us-sahu" are to be performed in the
following circumstances:
-1- If a person makes the taslim before he actually
completes the prayers. Ibn Sireen relates from Abu Hurairah
who said: "The Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam prayed
either zuhr or 'asr salah with us and he prayed only two
rak'at and made the taslim. He got up and leaned against a
piece of wood in the mosque as if he was angry. He put his
right hand on his left and interlocked his fingers. Then, he
placed his cheek on the back of his left hand. And some people
left the mosque in a hurry. And they said: 'The prayer has
been shortened?' Among the people were Abu Bakr and 'Umar, and
they were shy to speak to him. One of the people, who was
called Zhul-Yadain, said: 'O Messenger of Allah have you
forgotten or has the prayer been shortened?' He answered: 'I
have not forgotten and it has not been shortened.' Then he
asked: 'Is it as Zhul-Yadain has said?' The people answered in
the affirmative...At that, he led the people in what he had
ommitted and made the taslim. After which he made the takbir
and prostrated the way he usually prostrated or perhaps even
longer. Next, he raised his head and made the takbir. Then, he
made the takbir [again] and prostrated, like one of his
customary sujjud or perhaps even longer, and finally, he
raised his head." This is related by al-Bukhari and
Muslim.
'Ata' relates that Ibn az-Zubair prayed maghrib and made
the taslim after two rak'at and then he stood up and wanted to
kiss the black stone, when the people tried to correct him he
said: "What is the matter with you?" Then he prayed
what he had left out and performed two sujjud. When this was
mentioned to Ibn 'Abbas, he said that it was not far from the
sunnah of the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam. This is
related by Ahmad, al-Bazzar, and at-Tabarani.
-2- In the case of an addition to the prayer. Ibn Mas'ud
narrates that the Prophet prayed five rak'at and the people
asked him: "Has there been an addition to the
prayer?" He asked: "Why do you say that?" They
replied: "You prayed five rak'at" Then he made two
sujJud after he had made the taslim. This is related by the
group. This hadith proves that the prayer of one who prays
five rak'at out of forgetfulness, without sitting during the
fourth rak'ah, is acceptable.
-3- In the case of forgetting the first tashahud or one of
the other sunnah acts of the prayer. Ibn Buhainah narrates
that the Prophet stood after two rak'at. The people tried to
correct him but he continued. When he finished his salah, he
made two sujjud and made the taslim. This is related by the
group.' This hadith shows that one who forgets the first
sitting but is reminded of it and he recalls it before he
completely stands should return and sit, but if he is already
completely standing, he should not sit down. This is supported
by what Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah recorded from al-Mughirah
ibn Shu'bah, that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam said:
"If one of you stands after two rak'at and he has not
completely stood, then he should sit. If he is already
completely standing, he should not sit and he should make two
sujjud of forgetfulness."
-4- In the case of doubt over whether or not one performed
some act of the prayer. 'Abdurrahman ibn 'Auf reported that he
heard the Prophet say: "If one of you has some doubt
during his salah and he does not know if he prayed one rak'ah
or two, he should take it to have been just one. If he does
not know if he prayed two rak'at or three, he should take it
to have been just two. If he does not know if he prayed three
rak'at or four, he should take it to have been just three. [In
all such cases] at the end of his prayer, while sitting, he
should make two sujjud before the taslim." This is
related by Ahmad, Ibn Majah, and at-Tirmizhi. The latter
grades it sahih.
In one narration, it is stated: "Whoever prays and has
some doubt that he was short of the complete prayer, he should
continue praying until he suspects that he has added something
to the prayer [with respect to the number of rak'at that he
has prayed]." Abu Sa'id al-Khudri narrated that the
Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam said: "If one of you
has some doubts during his prayer and does not know if he
prayed three or four [rak'at], then he should remove his doubt
by praying according to the amount that he is certain he had
performed and then make two sujjud before the taslim. If he
had prayed five rak'at, the two sujjud would make it even. If
he had prayed a complete four rak'at [when he had finished],
they would be in defiance of the Satan." This is related
by Ahmad and Muslim. These two ahadith prove what the majority
of the scholars have said, namely, if one has some doubt
concerning the number of rak'at one has prayed, one should act
according to the amount that one is certain to have prayed
(the lesser amount) and then make two sujjud before the taslim.
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