The Sacred Precincts of Makkah include the area around Makkah,
marked by stones a meter high, on all roads leading to, or
from Makkah.
On the northern side Haram Makkah extends to Tan'im, six
kilometers from the Sacred Mosque, and on the southern side to
Adah, twelve kilometers from Makkah. On its eastern side,
sixteen kilometers away, lies al-Ji'ranah, while on its
northeastern border lies the valley of Nakhlah, which is
fourteen kilometers from Makkah. On the western border lies
Al-Shmaisi, (This place used to be called Al-Hudaibiya. It was
here that the Prophet (peace be upon him) took the famous
pledge - bai 'at ridwan - from his Companions. The Battle of
Al-Hudaibiya is named after it) fifteen kilometers from Makkah.
Muhibbuddin At-Tabari reported from Az-Zuhari from
Obaidullah bin Abdullah bin 'Utba and said: "Prophet
Ibrahim (peace be upon him) put up markers for the Sacred
Precincts as shown to him by Gabriel (peace be upon
him)." These markers were undisturbed until the time of
Qusaiy, who renewed them. After that the Prophet (peace be
upon him), in the year of the conquest of Makkah, sent Tamim
bin Osaid al-Khozai'i to refurbish them. Later 'Umar appointed
four men from Quraish, Muhrama bin Nawfal, Sa'id bin Yarbu',
Howaiteb bin Abdil-Uzza, and Azhar bin Abd-Auf, to renew these
markers. Subsequently, first Mu'awiyah and then Abdul-Malik
refurbished them.
In the Sacred Precincts of Madinah killing a game and
cutting its trees is prohibited as it is in the case of Haram
Makkah. Jabir bin Abdullah reported that Allah's Messenger
(peace be upon him) said: "Ibrahim (peace be upon him)
made Makkah Haram (sacred), and I declare Madinah and what
lies between its two black tracts Haram. No game (within this
area) is to be killed, nor any adah - a thorny plant - growing
therein is to be cut." (Muslim)
Ali reported that concerning Madinah the Prophet (peace be
upon him) said: "Its plants must not be cut, its game
must not be frightened, articles lost in it must not be picked
up except by someone making announcement to find the owner,
nor is any man to bear arms for fighting in it. Its trees must
not be cut, except when (required for) feeding one's
camels." (Reported by Ahmad and Abu Dawud) Both Bukhari
and Muslim report that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said,
"Madinah is Haram (Sacred) and its Sacred Precincts
extend from 'Eer to Thowr." (Eer is a mountain at the
miqat for Madinah, and Thowr is a mountain near Uhud on the
north) Another agreed upon hadith reported from Abu Hurairah
says, "The Prophet (peace be upon him) declared the area
between the two black tracts of Madinah as sacred and then
extended it to about twelve miles around Madinah." The
Prophet (peace be upon him) permitted the residents of Madinah
to cut trees for making plows, carts and other necessary tools
and equipment. He also permitted them to cut its grass to feed
their animals. Ahmad reported from Jabir bin Abdullah that the
Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "The area between two
black tracts of Madinah is a Haram (a sanctuary). No tree must
be cut (within this area) except for use as fodder for
animals."
Unlike this the residents of Makkah, who have sufficient
supply for their animal feed, are not permitted to cut even
the grass to feed their animals. The residents of Madinah are
not self-sufficient and are therefore allowed to use trees and
grass for their animals.
But killing the game or cutting off the trees in the
sanctuary of Madinah carries no penalty nor requires any
compensation, although doing so is a sinful act.
Anas reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said,
"Madinah is a sanctuary from such and such a place to
such and such a place, and (within this area) its trees shall
not be cut, nor any (unlawful) act committed, and whoso does
so on him shall rest the curse of Allah, His angels and the
entire mankind." (Bukhari)
It is permissible to pick up and use branches of a fallen
tree within this sanctuary. Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas reported that
while on his way to his palace at 'Aqiq he found a slave
cutting off a tree or hitting and shaking it for leaves. Sa'ad
seized whatever the slave had gathered. The owners of the
slave went to Sa'ad and asked him to return to them what he
had seized from the slave. Sa'ad said, "Allah forbid that
I should return something which Allah's Messenger has given me
as a gift." And saying this he refused to return it to
them. (Muslim)
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "If you find
anyone hunting a wild game within the sacred bounds of Madinah
you may seize it from him." (Abu Dawud, and Al-Hakim, who
considers it a sound hadith) This is reported by Abu Daw'ud,
and Al-Hakim, who considers it a sound hadith.
Ibn Taimiyyah said, "There is no other sanctuary in
the whole world besides these two, not even the Al-Aqsa Mosque
of Jerusalem, nor any other, even though some ignorant people
call them Haram al-Maqdis and Haram al-Khalil. By consensus
Haram Makkah is the only Haram (sanctuary). About Madinah
there is no such consensus. A majority of scholars, however,
hold that Madinah is also a sanctuary, as mentioned in ahadith
on this subject.
Muslim scholars disagree about a third sanctuary, namely,
Wuja, a valley of Al-Ta'if. Ash-Shafi'i regards it a
sanctuary. Ash-Shawkani agrees with him, but the majority of
the scholars disagree and do not consider it a
sanctuary."
The majority of scholars believes Makkah has preference
over Madinah.
Abdullah bin 'Adi bin Al-Hamra reported that he heard
Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) saying, "By Allah !
You (O Makkah) are the best of Allah' s land, and most beloved
to Him. Had I not been driven away from you, I would have
never departed (from you)." (Ahmad, Ibn Majah and
Tirmizhi) Ibn 'Abbas said: "Allah's Messenger (peace be
upon him) addressed Makkah saying, 'How nice a place you are!
You are the most beloved place to me! If my people had not
driven me away from you I would have never departed (from
here) to live somewhere else."(Tirmizhi considers it a
sound hadith)
One may enter Makkah without putting on a garb of ihram if
one does not intend to make Hajj or 'Umrah. One may be a
frequent visitor to Makkah as a wood-cutter, a grass cutter, a
water carrier, or a hunter, etc., or not a frequent visitor
such as a merchant or a visitor. Regardless of whether one
enters it in a state of security or fear, all such people may
enter Makkah without ihram if they do not intend to perform
Hajj or 'Umrah. This is Ash-Shafi'i's opinion which, of his
two views, is the more accurate one, and is also supported by
his companions.
Muslim reported that Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him)
entered Makkah wearing a black turban and without an ihram. It
is said about Ibn 'Umar that he returned after travelling part
of the way and entered Makkah without ihram.
Both Ibn Shihab and Ibn Hazm hold entering Makkah without
the ihram garb permissible. The Prophet (peace be upon him)
set the markers (Mawaqit) around Makkah only for those who
intended to perform Hajj or 'Umrah.
Wearing ihram is not compulsory for those who pass these
markers if they do not intend Hajj or 'Umrah. Allah and His
Prophet (peace be upon him) did not forbid entering Makkah
without ihram. To insist on it is obligating people to which
they are not obligated by Shari'ah.
It is desirable for those intending to visit Makkah to do
the following:
-1- To take a bath. It is reported that Ibn 'Umar used to
take a bath before entering Makkah.
-2- To spend the night at Zhi Tuwa, a valley in the
direction of Al-Zaher. The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to
spend the night there. Nafi' said: "Ibn 'Umar used to do
the same.'' (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
-3- To enter Makkah from the upper hill called "Koda".
The Prophet (peace be upon him) entered Makkah from the
direction of Al-Mu'allah. Whoever is able to follow this path,
should do so, but one commits no sin if one does not do it.
-4- To hurry to the Sacred Mosque as soon as one deposits
one's belongings in a safe place. One must enter the Sacred
Mosque from the gate known as Bab Bani Shayba - Bab us-Salam -
and say humbly and sincerely: "A'uzhu billahil azeem wa
biwajihil kareem wa sultanihil qadeem , minash shaltanir
rajeem. Bismillah allahumma salli 'ala muhammadin wa alihi wa
salam, Allahumma ghifirli zunubi waftah li abwaba rahmatika (I
seek refuge with Allah the Supreme, I seek refuge with His
Honor and Eternal Glory, with His Everlasting Authority, from
the cursed devil. O Allah, Bless Muhammad and the family of
Muhammad! O Allah! Forgive my sins and open Your doors of
mercy for me)."
-5- To raise one's hands on first sight of the Ka'bah and
say: "Allahumma zid hazhal bayti tashrifan wa ta 'zeeman
wa takriman wa muhabatan wa zid min sharfihi wa karamihi
mimman hajjahu au 'itamarahu tashrifan wa takriman wa
ta'zeeman wa birran (O Allah! increase this House's honor,
dignity, respect and grant all those who come to it for Hajj
or 'Umrah honor, dignity, respect and righteousness.)"
And say, "Allahumma antas salam, wa minkas salam,
fahayyina rabbana bis-salam (O Allah! You are the Peace, from
You is the Peace. O Allah! Greet us with the Peace)."
-6- Then head to the Black Stone and kiss it quietly. If
kissing is not possible, then one may touch it with a hand and
kiss the hand, and if even this is not possible then one may
just point to it with a hand.
-7- Then begin tawaf (circumambulation) starting from the
Black Stone.
-8- One does not have to perform salutation prayer to the
Sacred Mosque. because tawafof Ka'bah is its salutation. If,
however, it is time for the prescribed daily prayers, then one
must offer them with the congregation. The Prophet (peace be
upon him) said, "When a prescribed prayer is in progress
then no other prayer except the prescribed prayer is
valid." Similarly, if one is afraid to miss a prescribed
prayer then one must offer it first before anything else.
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